Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources:
Government Documents:
United States. Cong. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Hearings on the Disscussion with Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway Re Far Eastern Situation, Koje-Do Prisoner of War Uprising, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Policies. Testimony of Matthew Ridgway. 82nd Cong., 2nd sess. Washington: GPO, n.d. Print.
A recorded testimony and hearing, this government publication was a primary source. Although the hearing was discussing the events after the Korean War period, this source was helpful in constructing Ridgway's personality and views. The government took part in the hearing, making this source reliable.
- - -. - - -. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Hearings on the Nominations of Adm. Arthur William Radford as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Gen. Matthew Bunker Ridgway as Chief of Staff, United States Army; Adm. Robert Bostwick Carney as Chief of Naval Operations; And Gen. Nathan Farragut Twining as Chief of Staff, United States Air Force. Testimony of Arthur William Radford, Matthew Bunker Ridgway, Robert Bostwick Carney, Nathan Farragut Twining. 83rd Cong., 1st. Washington: GPO, n.d. Print.
A primary source document, this committee hearing on Chief of Staff nominations wasn't closely related to the subject, but was still helpful. This source depicted his personality and views, as well as his ambitions and goals for his term as Army Chief of Staff. The government was directly involved in this event, making this an accurate source.
Schnabel, James F. Policy and Direction: The First Year. N.p.: Washington, Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, 1972. Print. United States Army in the Korean War 3.
A government publication released in 1972, this source was a compilation of strategical analysis and combat operations. The information was detailed, but less pertinent, being focused on the Korean War. However, it added many useful details of the situation and Ridgway's influence of it. The government is a reliable source, as it is the same government that orchestrated the war.
"Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation." 22 May 1882. MS.
The treaty between the United States and Korea in 1882, this document provided information regarding the relationship between the United States and Korea. It mentioned several promises the United States made to Korea, but were never fulfilled. It also shows how the treaty was made to benefit the United States, not Korea.
Truman, Harry. "Proposed Order to General MacArthur to Be Signed by the President." Letter to Douglas MacArthur. N.d. TS.
Sent by President Truman, this was the letter of dismissal to MacArthur relieving him of duty in Korea. It bluntly states that MacArthur must leave Korea and turn over command to Matthew Ridgway. This was a slap to the face of MacArthur, who had been rude and insubordinate to Truman about policy in Korea.
Interviews:
Weintraub, Stanley. E-mail interview. 26 Jan. 2015.
This was an email interview that we conducted with author and former Lieutenant, Stanley Weintraub. Weintraub served in the Korean War under General Ridgway in the Eighth Army as a lieutenant. The interview gave us a personal perspective of General Ridgway and a better look into the mind of the soldiers that fought for him.
Memoirs:
Clark, Mark W. From the Danube to the Yalu. Blue Ridge Summit: TAB, 1988. Print. This memoir of Commander In-Chief, Mark W. Clark’s describes his experiences during and after the war. Clark went on to describe his relationship with General Ridgway and give insights as to Ridgway’s military prowess and utility. This helped to look at Ridgway from a professional military standpoint and put the Korean War and Ridgway’s actions in it into context.
Knox, Donald. The Korean War; An Oral History: Pusan to Chosin. San Diego [u.a.]: Harcourt, 1987. Print.
This massive collection of interviews conducted by the book's author, Donald Knox, provides thorough details regarding not only the events of the war itself, but also the conflict and challenges being faced in the world prior to the war. Being able to see the war from before its beginnings to after its ends was immeasurable in the sense that we were able to follow the roots of the Korean conflict all the way to end of the Korean War.
Ridgway, Matthew Bunker. The Korean War: How We Met the Challenge: How All-Out Asian War Was Averted: Why MacArthur Was Dismissed: Why Today's War Objectives Must Be Limited. Garden City: Doubleday, 1967. Print. Written by Matthew Ridgway, this volume was a valuable primary source.
It contained his knowledge of Korea and his analysis of the situation. This information illustrated the background behind the Korean War and Ridgway's struggles and achievements. A primary source, the information was slightly biased, being written by Ridgway's about his own analysis of the situation.
Newspapers:
Krebs, Albin. "Matthew B. Ridgway Dies at 98; Leader of United States Troops in 2 Wars." New York Times 27 July 1993: n. pag. Print.
Written after his death, this newspaper obituary provided a biography of Matthew Ridgway's life and his major achievements. It detailed his legacy and his impact on the world around him. This information was useful in learning about his public image. It was unbiased and informative.
Audiovisual:
"The 38th Parallel." History Channel. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.com/photos/korean-war>.
This is an image of a group of military jeeps crossing the 38th Parallel, the longstanding divider between North and South Korea. This picture helped to compare the original 38th Parallel to the modern day Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
"75-mm. Recoilless Rifle in Action." The Korean War 1950-1953. US Army, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/chapter8.htm>.
Depicting a commonly used weapon in the Korean War, this picture shows a soldier using a 75 millimeter recoilless rifle in a battle with Communist forces. The serious nature of the scene helped to illustrate the intensity of the war.
American Soldiers Marching to the Front in the Korean War as Korean Refugees Head in the opposite Direction. N.d. Lib. of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006675196/>.
Showing a group of Korean refugees and passing a group of American soldiers, this image taught us the predicament that the entire South Korean populace faced after the Communist invasion.
An artillery officer directs UN troops as they drop white phosphorous on a Communist-held post in February 1951. National Archives. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/summer/korean-myths-1.html>.
This is an image of the United Nations' soldiers dropping white phosphorus onto the Communist troops. This opened our eyes to the fact that the conflict in Korea was much more diverse than we had initially thought. The conflict was not just guns and cannons but also included chemical warfare agents, such as the white phosphorous shown in this picture.
"Behind the Modern Pyongyang Facades." ThinkTech Hawaii. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. <http://thinktechhawaii.com/blogs.html>.
The North Korean capital of Pyongyang appears like heaven to the rest of the poverty-stricken country. But, as this picture shows, even in Pyongyang, harsh poverty still exists. This realization allowed us to see just how poor of a country North Korea is and how the separation between the North and the South has affected their respective economies.
Bonatsos. Communist-held territory from the hillside position of an eight-inch self propelled howitzer on Hill #857. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
Looking from the viewpoint of a United States gunner, this image puts you into the shoes of one of the soldiers and allowed us to look through their perspective. Throughout our research, we focused so much on the accomplishments of General Ridgway that we lost sight of the sacrifices and bravery of the soldiers that fought around him, but this image brought the reality of the war back into light.
Brigham. Returning from an assault on Hill 717, men of Company "L", 7th RCT, 3rd Infantry Division, help a wounded buddy onto a strecher for evacuation to an aid station. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Looking through the eyes of another soldier, this image portrays two American men at their posts. The level of commitment that the soldiers had on the battlefield allowed us to better understand why Ridgway held all of his subordinates in such high regard.
Captain J. W. Finley of Hazelhurst, Ga., Co. F, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, although suffering from severe neck and face wounds as a result of an exploding Chinese grenade, braces himself upright between two jeeps and refuses to leave until he has finished directing first aid treatment and evacuation of wounded men of his company. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Depicting a severely wounded officer, this picture shows the undying loyalty and commitment of the soldiers in Korea.
Cashman, R. A North Korean and a Chinese soldier crouch in the snow behind a Russian DPM light machine gun. Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/armed-forces-in-korea/north-korea-china-ussr.php>.
Used as propaganda to promote Korea's diplomatic relatioship with China, this image depicts a Chinese soldier and North Korean soldier together at their supposed military posts. The reason for this image's existence makes it evident that not all of the citizens of China and NorthKorea were content with an alliance.
"The CCF (Chinese Communist Forces)." Pacific Paratrooper. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <https://pacificparatrooper.wordpress.com/tag/australia/page/2/>.
This image, depicting a group of Chinese soldiers travelling through the forest, finally gave us an opportunity to look from the point of view of the Chinese. Images from the other side of the spectrum allowed us to better acknowledge our counter argument by realizing that the South Koreans and Americans were not the only soldiers with a powerful commitment to their respective causes.
"Chaplain Emil Kapaun." US Army. US Army, n.d. Web. 24 Dec. 2014. <http://www.army.mil/article/98330/Chaplain__Capt___Emil_Kapaun_to_receive_Medal_of_Honor/>.
This photograph shows aman being carried through the mud to safetly by his subordinates. The image itself depicts the poignant reality of the tolls and hardships of the Korean War.
"Chinese Intervention." Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/cold-war-crisis-in-korea/korean-war-strategic-map.php>.
This interactive map shows just how far the Chinese pushed the United Nations down the peninsula. This helped us understand the predicament that the United Nations faced prior to Ridgway's arrival in Korea.
Chinese troops cross the Yalu River. An Overview of the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/2-korea/1-overview/>.
The massive numbers of Chinese soldiers crossing the Yalu river depicted in this image revealed that the Chinese were serious about this war and were very adamant about winning the war as quickly as possible.
Douglas MacArthur addressing an audience of 50,000 at Soldier's Field, Chicago, on his first visit to the United States in 14 years, April 1951. Abilene Reporter. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.reporternews.com/news/look-back-korean-war>.
Taken during the Korean War, this is photograph shows General Douglas MacArthur addressing an audience about the conflict occurring in Korea. This image made the fact that the Korean War goes almost completely unnoticed in American military history even more surprsing due to the fact that there were multiple national addresses regarding the war.
Doyle. Personnel of No. 4 gun, Battery "B", 999th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, U.S. Eighth Army, fire on enemy positions. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
Depicting the Eighth Army preparing to attack the Communist opponents with mortar, this photopgraph helped us better understand the radical change in ability, confidence and success that occurred after Ridgway's installment as Commander of the Eighth Army.
"Eighth Army." United States Army Plaques. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.trophyexpress.com/armymain.html>.
This is the symbol of the Eighth Army at the time of the Korean War.
"The 50 Star Flag." USA Flag. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.usflag.org/the.50.star.flag.html>.
A photograph of a United States Flag that we used with a picture of the early Korean flag to represent the relationsship between the two countries.
Fox. Men of Co. K, 35th RCT, 25th Division, fire a light machine gun in support of a rifle platoon attacking Chinese Communist positions north of the Han River, Korea. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Showing up close how the troops fought in the Korean War., this image took us onto the battlefield and allowed us to truly see into what the war was like and the massive amount casualties that were caused in its wake.
General MacArthur's Dismissal as Commander in Korea. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675058721_President-Truman_addressing-the-nation_withdrawal-of-General-MacArthur>.
Showing Truman listing his reasons for dismissing MacArthur, this clip was highly useful. It capped off the rivalry between MacArthur and Truman and was very important to the topic of Ridgway. Critical Past is a well known and often cited source.
General Matthew Ridgway Takes over from General MacArthur in Korea. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675049173_General-Matthew-Ridgway_dead-prisoners_General-Eisenhower_buffer-Zone>.
This video clip from Critical Past describes the event in which led to Ridgway taking over command in Korea from MacArthur. The newsreel footage from December 24, 1951, contains footage from the time period of the Korean War which helped us look at General MacArthur's relief through the eyes of the common citizen at the time. This clip was reserved for reference only and was not used.
General Ridgway; Off to Korea. British Pathé. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2015. <http://www.britishpathe.com/video/general-ridgway-off-to-korea/query/ridgway+off+to+korea>.
Released by British Pathé, this video clip shows Ridgway leaving for Korea. The video provides a brief description of his career and the circumstances of his travel to Korea which allowed us to see what amount of information was released to the general public.
H-19C U.S. Army Serial No. 51-14284 loading troops in Korea. N.d. Sikorsky Archives. Sikorsky Archives. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-55.php>.
This photograph portrays a group of soldiers rush towardsand board a United States helicopter.
"The Inchon Landing." Korean War Educator. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/dixon_gene/>.
This diagram of the Inchon Landing attack shows the military where the landing zones were and portrayed which companies were involved and where they attacked. By observing the actual maneuvers of the assault we were able to better understand why General MacArthur was so popular among the American populace.
Kelemanik. A gun crew firing an eight-inch self-propelled howitzer at Communist hill positions after receiving a fire mission from Co. A, 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment, U.S. Eighth Army, west of Punchbowl. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
Providing an up close image of the fighting, this photograph shows a United States gun crew firing a howitzer at enemy positions.
"Korean Empire." Devian Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://undevicesimus.deviantart.com/art/Korean-Empire-Grunge-Flag-1882-1910-395154126>.
This is an artist's rendition of the early Korean Flag, which we used with a picture of the United States flag to represent the relationship between the two countries.
"Korean War 38th Parallel." Snafu. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://snafu-solomon.blogspot.com/2013/06/today-is-beginning-of-korean-war.html>.
This is a picture of troops at the 38th parallel in Korea.
"Life Magazine, May 12, 1952 - General Matthew Ridgway." Old Life Magazines. Life Magazine, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.oldlifemagazines.com/may-12-1952-life-magazine-1937.html>.
A life magazine from May 12, 1952, the cover story was on Matthew Ridgway and his involvement in the Korean War.
"Matthew B. Ridgway." Library of Vietnam Military History. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://www.vnmilitaryhistory.net/index.php?action=printpage;topic=22965.0>.
General Matthew Ridgway is shown in this image.
"Matthew B. Ridgway March 5, 1951." Time. Time Magazine, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19510305,00.html>.
From March 5, 1951, this is the Time cover photo from that issue.
Medical corpsmen of the 1st Battalion Aid Station, 31st Inf. Regt, 7th U.S. Inf. Div., assist in helping wounded infantrymen of Companies D and L, 31st Regiment, following the fight for Hill 598. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
The tolls of the Korean War were high, shown in this photograph of medical corpsmen loading wounded onto a transport.
Mullin. 1st Lt. Dowll Hudson, Co. C, 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, stops to rest on his way to the aid station. With pain in his face after a six-hour walk on a wounded leg, Lt. Hudson refused a strecher because "others need it worse than I". Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
An officer sacrificing his own comfort for his troops, this image shows him walking with an injured leg.
North and South Korean Flags. The Guardian. Guardian, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/26/country-names-north-south-korea>.
Published by the Guardian, this picture is a combination of the North and South Korean flags. This provided a visual for how the war ended in a tie, and both sides remain intact to this day.
"North Korean Advance." Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/korean-war-begins/communist-advance-toward-pusan.php>.
A strategic war map, this image from the Australian government shows the first North Korean advance into South Korea.
North Korean People's Army celebrates a victory over UN forces. North Korean News. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.nknews.org/2014/02/north-south-migration-part-1-years-of-exodus-1945-1953/>. This is a photo of the North Korean People's Army after a victorious battle.
"North Korean Tank Regiment." The Telegraph. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/southkorea/7853746/China-rewrites-history-of-Korean-War.html>.
Lined up for inspection, this photo portrays a North Korean Tank Regiment during the Korean War.
"Old Flag of Korea." Althistory. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/File:Old_flag_of_korea.png>.
An artist's rendering, this illustration shows the pre war Korean flag.
Pfc. Robert Smith of Springfield, Colo., (left) and Pvt. Carl Fisher of Ponca, Okla., 27th Infantry Regiment, dug in and firing at Communist-led North Korean positions. 4 September 1950. Korean War Photos of 1950. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1950/kor1950.htm>.
A picture of United States troops, this image showed a battle between United Nations and Communist forces.
Private First Class Julias Van Den Stock of Company A, 32nd Regimental Combat Team, US 7th Infantry Division with M1 or M2 Carbine with captured Communist Chinese DP light machine gun on Hill 902, near Ip-Tong, Korea, 25 Apr 1951. N.d. United States National Archives. World War II Database. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=22198>.
A United States soldier sitting with a M1 or M2 carbine and a captured communist gun is shown in this image.
"Seoul Night Skyline." Lonely Planet. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-korea/seoul>.
This is a photograph of the modern day Seoul skyline.
"Seoul on June 28, 1950." Who Started the Korean War? N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://ysfine.com/kowar/war50.html>.
Pre-war Seoul is illustrated in this photograph.
Sgt. Douglas D. Tompkins of Jud, North Dakota, Tank Company, 5th RCT, 24th U.S. Infantry Division, fires a .50 caliber machine gun at Communist-held positions during an assault against the Chinese Communist forces along the east central front, Korea. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Up close and personal, this photograph shows what it was like fighting in the Korean War.
"Signed by United States: R. W. Shefeldt, Commodore, US Navy, Envoy of the US to Chosen Korea (Chosen): Chosen Commissioners Shin Chen, Chin Hong-chi." Embassy of the United States Seoul Korea. US Department of State, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://seoul.usembassy.gov/ack_sp_052212.html>. Since the 1882 treaty between the United States and Korea was important in describing Korea before the war, this photograph of the signers of the treaty was extremely useful.
"Soviet T-34 Tanks." Vietnam Military History. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.vnmilitaryhistory.net/index.php?topic=22965.40>.
This photograph depicts a row of Soviet T-34 tanks.
Strickland and Romanowski. A member of the United Nations troops fires a submachine gun on Communist-led North Korean forces, during fighting in streets of Seoul. 20 September 1950. Korean War Photos of 1950. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1950/kor1950.htm>.
After the Inchon Landing, street fighting between the United Nations and the Communists broke out in Seoul, which is shown in this photo.
Sylvester. Wounded infantrymen of Co L, 31st Inf. Regt., 7th U.S. Inf. Div., light up cigarettes after receiving first aid following a battle for Hill 598, near Kumhwa. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>. Showing the cost of the Korean War, this is a picture of two wounded soldiers.
"The Taegukgi in Flight." Flag of South Korea. Observator TV, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://observator.tv/extern/coreea-de-sud-restrictioneaza-traficul-aerian-si-rutier-139039.html>. Also known as the Taegukgi, this photo shows the South Korean flag.
"Truman MacArthur." Iconic Photos. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2009/04/24/truman-macarthur/>.
Since MacArthur was a World War II hero, this depiction of Truman giving MacArthur the Medal of Honor helps paint the picture of what America thought of MacArthur at the time.
The United States Chief of Staff, General Matthew Ridgway Reviews Crack Troops of the UN Forces in Korea. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675045452_General-Matthew-Ridgway_Syngman-Rhee_shakes-hands_troops-parade>.
From Critical Past, a well known database, this footage is an old newsreel showing Matthew Ridgway reviewing his troops in Korea. It demonstrates the way Ridgway carried himself and the diversity of the United Nations forces. Not included in the website, this clip was used as a research tool only.
United States Soldiers Advance on the Battlefield and Korean Refugees Evacuate an Area in Korea during the Korean War. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675061708_Korean-War_United-States-troops_Korean-refugees_James-Van-Fleet>.
This footage from Critical Past showed the vast amount of displaced refugees as well as United States troops advancing. Many Eighth Army soldiers were present (visible by their shoulder symbol), as well as officers under Matthew Ridgway. Critical Past is a highly reputable and reliable source, but this clip was not used in the final product.
US soldiers have been exhausted by the continued battle. Forgotten: The Arkansas Korean War Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.butlercenter.org/koreanwarproject/>.
After running from the Chinese, the United States soldiers were tired and worn out, clearly depicted in this portrayal.
U.S. Troops Advance towards a Battlefield in Korea during the Korean War. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675061705_Korean-War_United-States-troops_Matthew-Ridgway_soldiers-firing-artillery>.
From Critical Past, this reference is historical footage from the Korean War. It shows troops advancing and General Ridgway meeting with his officers near the battlefield. Critical Past is a well known and accurate source. However, this clip was used for reference purposes only.
With her brother on her back a war weary Korean girl tiredly trudges by a stalled M-26 tank, at Haengju, Korea. N.d. National Archives. National Archives. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/research/military/korean-war/>.
The impact of the Korean War on the citizens of Korea in this image of a young Korean girl and her brother.
Secondary Sources:
Books:
Appleman, Roy Edgar. Escaping the Trap: The US Army X Corps in Northeast Korea, 1950. College Station: Texas A & M UP, 1990. Print.
Told from the perspective of former Lieutenant Colonel, Roy Edgar Appleman, this book examines military actions performed by the X Corps and the Eighth Army throughout the course of the Korean War. The separation of the two armies stirred great controversy about their respective leaderships and the effectiveness of the armies. The analytical nature of Appleman's writing helped us to better understand why the Eighth Army’s situation was so dire prior to General Ridgway's appointment.
Appleman, Roy Edgar. Ridgway Duels for Korea. N.p.: Texas A&M University, 1990. Print.
Retired Lieutenant Colonel Roy Edgar Appleman examines the combat history of the Korean War and emphasizes Ridgway's influence within it. This book fails to dicuss the political aspects of the war. It instead looks deeply into that of the military action. This helped us to look at the events of the war from a strategic point of view and simply toss aside the political perspective that is often included when discussing the war.
Benson, Sonia, and Gerda-Ann Raffaelle. Korean War. Detroit: U-X-L, 2002. Print.
Examining the lives and actions of various pivotal military figures, this compilation of short biographies proved to be helpful when searching for other resources. Author, Sonia Benson refers to many people in the book including Ridgway, but only provided only a general overview of their lives. Rudgway's bigraphy was brief but gave us a better understanding of where he came from and how he became the brilliant military general that he was.
Blair, Clay. The Forgotten War: America in Korea. New York: Times, 1988. Print. Navy veteran, Clay Blair describes the neglected yet massive influence the Korean War has had on Korean political structure and interactions.
This made us realize the true impact of the war and how little credit it has been given, hence the name “The Forgotten War.” Learning about the lack of acknowledgement the Korean War is given not only gave us the name of our entry, but also made us more passionate about informing people of the significance of the war.
Blair, Clay. Ridgway's Paratroopers: The American Airborne in World War II. Garden City: Dial, 1985. Print.
Although focusing on Ridgway's early military career in World War II, this book showed how polished of a soldier General Ridgway was. Learning about General Ridgway's experiences prior to the Korean War showedus how he became to be the harsh, yet effective leader that he was.
Futrell, Robert Frank. The United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953. N.p.: Duell, Sloan, and Pierce, n.d. Print.
This printed work contains extensive information about the United States Air Forcea, specifically the United States Air Force's operations during the Korean War. Author Robert Frank, discussed how the United States Air Forces operated during the Korean War which gave us thorough background knowledge of all of the events during the Korean War.
Halberstam, David. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion, 2007. Print. This historical account focused on the various different events of the Korean War and provided thorough information regarding General Ridgway's accomplishments, his leadership skills, and his attitude towards his commanders. Halberstam remarks at Ridgway's serious nature and unmatched leadership skills throughout the book which helped to better grasp the way Ridgway lead the Eighth Army to victory.
Halberstam, David. The Fifties. New York: Villard, 1993. Print.
As the name implies, this historical novel written by esteemed author and historian, David Halberstam discusses the events of the 1950s, including those of the Korean War. We only read a short chapter pertaining to General Ridgway, but this particular chapter proved to be a useful introduction to General Ridgway becasue we read the book as a part of our initial research.
Hamburger, Kenneth Earl. Leadership in the Crucible : the Korean War Battles of Twin Tunnels & Chipyong-ni. College Station: Texas A & M University, 2003. Print.
Focused on the famous officers and battles in the Korean War, this military examination produced new and useful information as well as a multitude of usable quotes. Author, Kenneth Hamburger, thoroughly examined how General Ridgway used his tactical intelligence and unmatched leadership to turn the tide of the Korean War.
Hanson, Victor Davis. The Savior Generals: How Five Great Commanders Saved Wars That Were Lost, from Ancient Greece to Iraq. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013. Print.
This biographical collection, as the title suggests, discusses the actions and influences of five major generals throughout American military history including General Matthew Ridgway. After just our first reading, Ridgway's section had produced a multitude of amazing quotes for us to use on our website and helped us better our understanding of General Ridgway's true importance in the war.
Haruki, Wada. The Korean War. Lanham: ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD, 2014. Print.
This multi-dimensional account of the Korean War provided several views on the war from many angles, not just from the United States or Korean point of view. It talked about the many other United Nations countries that answered the call from the United States to save South Korea. These various new perspectives on the event of the Korean conflict allowed us to effectively examine the Korean War's international influence.
Hickey, Michael. The Korean War: The West Confronts Communism. Woodstock: Overlook, 2000. Print. This historical analysis of the war's causes provided us with background information regarding the situation faced in the Koreas prior to the Korean War. Knowing more about the history of the Korean conflict helped to understand why the nations were so politically different and why the conflict began. It also helped to look into the political events surrounding the war.
Higgins, Trubull. Korea and the Fall of MacArthur : A Precis in Limited War. New York: Oxford UP, 1960. Print.
By discussing the events surrounding General Douglas MacArthur’s relief and his actions during the Korean War author, Trubull Higgins, gave us a true understanding of why General MacArthur was relieved of his postiion. This also helped us understand General MacArthur’s negative influence on he Korean War and the circumstances that Ridgway had to come into during the war.
Martin, Harold H., comp. Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway, as Told to Harold H Martin. New York: Harper, 1956. Print.
One of the most informative sources, this book is a compilation of written works written by General Ridgway. It contained many helpful quotes and information regarding how he handled the situation. The writings illustrated Ridgway's personality and views. Written by Ridgway himself, this source contains accurate information.
Millet, Allen Reed. The War for Korea, 1950-1951: They Came from the North. Lawrence: U of Kansas, 2010. Print. Being the background of our subject, the Korean War is an important topic.
This book about it was helpful in gaining an understanding of the situation before Matthew Ridgway arrived and what the strength of the enemy was. The University of Kansas is a reputable source.
Perritano, John. Korean War. New York: Franklin Watts, 2010. Print.
A reliable source, this publication was about the Korean War. It provided brief account of the war, major events and key figures. However, being a children's book, it is relatively short and mainly provides an intro to the war. John Perritano is an award winning author of several books.
Soffer, Jonathan M. General Matthew B. Ridgway : from Progressivism to Reaganism, 1895-1993. Westport: Praeger, 1998. Print.
An extensive publication, this source provided a highly detailed account of the years during the Korean War. It focused on the Korean War and Ridgway, and contained detailed war maps and diagrams in the back of the book. A professor at New York University, Jonathan Soffer is a highly accomplished author.
Spanier, John W. The Truman - MacArthur Controvery and the Korean War. Cambridge: Belknap, 1959. Print.
Focused on the actions and conditions of General MacArthur’s dismissal, this book was not centered on Ridgway. However, it aided in understanding the details of MacArthur’s relief and the various decisions of United States that contributed to the controversy that arose among President Harry S. Truman and General MacArthur.
Stone, I. F. The Hidden History of the Korean War. 2nd ed. New York: Monthly Review P., 1969. Print. This books provides a thorough view of the Korean War from the start to finish detailing the reasons for its beginning and the means of its climax as well as detailed events involving the war itself. This helped to put the war into context and truly understand what the war was about.
Stueck, William Whitney. Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2002. Print.
Although yet another book on the history of the Korean War, this source provided a new and refreshing view on the Korean War. It talked about tactics and major events in the Korean War. William Stueck is a renowned expert on the Korean War and United States/Korean relationships.
Weintraub, Stanley. MacArthur’s War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero. New York: Free, 2000. Print.
Discussing the various blunders made by General Douglas MacArthur when he was Supreme Commander of the forces in Korea, this literary work described how MacArthur led. Weintraub’s perspective on the once mighty MacArthur gave us a better sense on how influential his decisions were on the outcome of the war.
Research Papers:
Young-Sik, Kim. A Brief History of the US-Korea Relations Prior to 1945. N.p.: n.p., 2003. Print.
In this political analysis paper, writer Kim Young-Sik, described the pre-war relations between the United States and Korea. It outlined major events, treaties, and interactions between the two countries, and included various quotes from key military and political figures of the time.
Websites:
Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/cold-war-crisis-in-korea/index.php>.
Helping to build our understanding of the Korean conflict at the beginning of our research, this interactive website included an thorough and detailed map depicting the different United Nations and North Korean ports, cities, major posts, and even their military maneuvers. This site broadened our knowledge of the tactical operations of the two forces and the map from the website eventually work its way onto our website.
“Inchon Landing.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://www.history.com/topics/inchon>.
From History.com, this online article described the Inchon Landing and the events that led to the war-changing attack and the events that followed. By studying one of the main events in the Korean war and the man behind this revolutionary assault, we were able to see how much of an influence General Douglas MacArthur had on the war and why he was so highly revered in the military at the time.
“Korean War Begins.” history.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/korean-war-begins>.
This is a History.com article describes the initial spark that set all of Korea (both North and South) ablaze in an all-out war. The focus of our website is to portray Ridgway’s influence on the Korean War, so knowing the reason for the war’s beginnings was crucial in our initial research.
Korean War: General Matthew Ridgway. About Education, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/1900s/p/matthew-ridgway.htm>.
A website, this source provided a general biography on Matthew Ridgway. It mainly glossed over his entire career and didn't provide many in depth details. Published by About Education, this source isn't the most reliable, but its information checks out with other sources.
Matthew Bunker Ridgway. Arlington Cemetary, 29 Oct. 2000. Web. 3 Nov. 2014. <http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ridgway.htm>.
A section of a press report from March 1993, this source provided information about Ridgway's various military assignments. It included more insight as to Ridgway's views and thoughts toward the military and his campaigns. Considering the Arlington Cemetery is a very reputable site, this information should be accurate.
People & Events General Matthew B Ridgway. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX88.html>. Published by PBS, this website describes Matthew Ridgway's service in the Korean War.
It provided little information about his early life and none about his other military campaigns. In addition, the information was slightly opinionated in favor of Ridgway. The PBS is a reputable and reliable source.
"Ridgway Bio." University of Pittsburgh. U of Pittsburgh, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ridgway.pitt.edu/AboutRidgway/RidgwayBio/tabid/222/Default.aspx>.
A bio about Matthew Ridgway, this source wasn't very thorough, mainly glossing over his major achievements. However it still provided a good starting point for research and focus ideas. Published by the University of Pittsburgh, this is a reliable reference.
Simkin, John. "Matthew Ridgway." Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational, Sept. 1997. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. <http://spartacus-educational.com/2WWridgeway.htm>.
Published by Spartacus Educational, this website provided a general biography of Matthew Ridgway's life and military career. Although it was rather brief, this website contained useful primary sources and quotes. The information was accurate, although the source isn't overly reputable.
Government Documents:
United States. Cong. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Hearings on the Disscussion with Gen. Matthew B. Ridgway Re Far Eastern Situation, Koje-Do Prisoner of War Uprising, and North Atlantic Treaty Organization Policies. Testimony of Matthew Ridgway. 82nd Cong., 2nd sess. Washington: GPO, n.d. Print.
A recorded testimony and hearing, this government publication was a primary source. Although the hearing was discussing the events after the Korean War period, this source was helpful in constructing Ridgway's personality and views. The government took part in the hearing, making this source reliable.
- - -. - - -. Senate. Committee on Armed Services. Hearings on the Nominations of Adm. Arthur William Radford as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff; Gen. Matthew Bunker Ridgway as Chief of Staff, United States Army; Adm. Robert Bostwick Carney as Chief of Naval Operations; And Gen. Nathan Farragut Twining as Chief of Staff, United States Air Force. Testimony of Arthur William Radford, Matthew Bunker Ridgway, Robert Bostwick Carney, Nathan Farragut Twining. 83rd Cong., 1st. Washington: GPO, n.d. Print.
A primary source document, this committee hearing on Chief of Staff nominations wasn't closely related to the subject, but was still helpful. This source depicted his personality and views, as well as his ambitions and goals for his term as Army Chief of Staff. The government was directly involved in this event, making this an accurate source.
Schnabel, James F. Policy and Direction: The First Year. N.p.: Washington, Office of the Chief of Military History, United States Army, 1972. Print. United States Army in the Korean War 3.
A government publication released in 1972, this source was a compilation of strategical analysis and combat operations. The information was detailed, but less pertinent, being focused on the Korean War. However, it added many useful details of the situation and Ridgway's influence of it. The government is a reliable source, as it is the same government that orchestrated the war.
"Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce and Navigation." 22 May 1882. MS.
The treaty between the United States and Korea in 1882, this document provided information regarding the relationship between the United States and Korea. It mentioned several promises the United States made to Korea, but were never fulfilled. It also shows how the treaty was made to benefit the United States, not Korea.
Truman, Harry. "Proposed Order to General MacArthur to Be Signed by the President." Letter to Douglas MacArthur. N.d. TS.
Sent by President Truman, this was the letter of dismissal to MacArthur relieving him of duty in Korea. It bluntly states that MacArthur must leave Korea and turn over command to Matthew Ridgway. This was a slap to the face of MacArthur, who had been rude and insubordinate to Truman about policy in Korea.
Interviews:
Weintraub, Stanley. E-mail interview. 26 Jan. 2015.
This was an email interview that we conducted with author and former Lieutenant, Stanley Weintraub. Weintraub served in the Korean War under General Ridgway in the Eighth Army as a lieutenant. The interview gave us a personal perspective of General Ridgway and a better look into the mind of the soldiers that fought for him.
Memoirs:
Clark, Mark W. From the Danube to the Yalu. Blue Ridge Summit: TAB, 1988. Print. This memoir of Commander In-Chief, Mark W. Clark’s describes his experiences during and after the war. Clark went on to describe his relationship with General Ridgway and give insights as to Ridgway’s military prowess and utility. This helped to look at Ridgway from a professional military standpoint and put the Korean War and Ridgway’s actions in it into context.
Knox, Donald. The Korean War; An Oral History: Pusan to Chosin. San Diego [u.a.]: Harcourt, 1987. Print.
This massive collection of interviews conducted by the book's author, Donald Knox, provides thorough details regarding not only the events of the war itself, but also the conflict and challenges being faced in the world prior to the war. Being able to see the war from before its beginnings to after its ends was immeasurable in the sense that we were able to follow the roots of the Korean conflict all the way to end of the Korean War.
Ridgway, Matthew Bunker. The Korean War: How We Met the Challenge: How All-Out Asian War Was Averted: Why MacArthur Was Dismissed: Why Today's War Objectives Must Be Limited. Garden City: Doubleday, 1967. Print. Written by Matthew Ridgway, this volume was a valuable primary source.
It contained his knowledge of Korea and his analysis of the situation. This information illustrated the background behind the Korean War and Ridgway's struggles and achievements. A primary source, the information was slightly biased, being written by Ridgway's about his own analysis of the situation.
Newspapers:
Krebs, Albin. "Matthew B. Ridgway Dies at 98; Leader of United States Troops in 2 Wars." New York Times 27 July 1993: n. pag. Print.
Written after his death, this newspaper obituary provided a biography of Matthew Ridgway's life and his major achievements. It detailed his legacy and his impact on the world around him. This information was useful in learning about his public image. It was unbiased and informative.
Audiovisual:
"The 38th Parallel." History Channel. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.com/photos/korean-war>.
This is an image of a group of military jeeps crossing the 38th Parallel, the longstanding divider between North and South Korea. This picture helped to compare the original 38th Parallel to the modern day Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).
"75-mm. Recoilless Rifle in Action." The Korean War 1950-1953. US Army, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/books/AMH-V2/AMH%20V2/chapter8.htm>.
Depicting a commonly used weapon in the Korean War, this picture shows a soldier using a 75 millimeter recoilless rifle in a battle with Communist forces. The serious nature of the scene helped to illustrate the intensity of the war.
American Soldiers Marching to the Front in the Korean War as Korean Refugees Head in the opposite Direction. N.d. Lib. of Cong. Library of Congress. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2006675196/>.
Showing a group of Korean refugees and passing a group of American soldiers, this image taught us the predicament that the entire South Korean populace faced after the Communist invasion.
An artillery officer directs UN troops as they drop white phosphorous on a Communist-held post in February 1951. National Archives. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/publications/prologue/2002/summer/korean-myths-1.html>.
This is an image of the United Nations' soldiers dropping white phosphorus onto the Communist troops. This opened our eyes to the fact that the conflict in Korea was much more diverse than we had initially thought. The conflict was not just guns and cannons but also included chemical warfare agents, such as the white phosphorous shown in this picture.
"Behind the Modern Pyongyang Facades." ThinkTech Hawaii. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Feb. 2015. <http://thinktechhawaii.com/blogs.html>.
The North Korean capital of Pyongyang appears like heaven to the rest of the poverty-stricken country. But, as this picture shows, even in Pyongyang, harsh poverty still exists. This realization allowed us to see just how poor of a country North Korea is and how the separation between the North and the South has affected their respective economies.
Bonatsos. Communist-held territory from the hillside position of an eight-inch self propelled howitzer on Hill #857. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
Looking from the viewpoint of a United States gunner, this image puts you into the shoes of one of the soldiers and allowed us to look through their perspective. Throughout our research, we focused so much on the accomplishments of General Ridgway that we lost sight of the sacrifices and bravery of the soldiers that fought around him, but this image brought the reality of the war back into light.
Brigham. Returning from an assault on Hill 717, men of Company "L", 7th RCT, 3rd Infantry Division, help a wounded buddy onto a strecher for evacuation to an aid station. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Looking through the eyes of another soldier, this image portrays two American men at their posts. The level of commitment that the soldiers had on the battlefield allowed us to better understand why Ridgway held all of his subordinates in such high regard.
Captain J. W. Finley of Hazelhurst, Ga., Co. F, 5th Cavalry Regiment, 1st Cavalry Division, although suffering from severe neck and face wounds as a result of an exploding Chinese grenade, braces himself upright between two jeeps and refuses to leave until he has finished directing first aid treatment and evacuation of wounded men of his company. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Depicting a severely wounded officer, this picture shows the undying loyalty and commitment of the soldiers in Korea.
Cashman, R. A North Korean and a Chinese soldier crouch in the snow behind a Russian DPM light machine gun. Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/armed-forces-in-korea/north-korea-china-ussr.php>.
Used as propaganda to promote Korea's diplomatic relatioship with China, this image depicts a Chinese soldier and North Korean soldier together at their supposed military posts. The reason for this image's existence makes it evident that not all of the citizens of China and NorthKorea were content with an alliance.
"The CCF (Chinese Communist Forces)." Pacific Paratrooper. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <https://pacificparatrooper.wordpress.com/tag/australia/page/2/>.
This image, depicting a group of Chinese soldiers travelling through the forest, finally gave us an opportunity to look from the point of view of the Chinese. Images from the other side of the spectrum allowed us to better acknowledge our counter argument by realizing that the South Koreans and Americans were not the only soldiers with a powerful commitment to their respective causes.
"Chaplain Emil Kapaun." US Army. US Army, n.d. Web. 24 Dec. 2014. <http://www.army.mil/article/98330/Chaplain__Capt___Emil_Kapaun_to_receive_Medal_of_Honor/>.
This photograph shows aman being carried through the mud to safetly by his subordinates. The image itself depicts the poignant reality of the tolls and hardships of the Korean War.
"Chinese Intervention." Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/cold-war-crisis-in-korea/korean-war-strategic-map.php>.
This interactive map shows just how far the Chinese pushed the United Nations down the peninsula. This helped us understand the predicament that the United Nations faced prior to Ridgway's arrival in Korea.
Chinese troops cross the Yalu River. An Overview of the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.authentichistory.com/1946-1960/2-korea/1-overview/>.
The massive numbers of Chinese soldiers crossing the Yalu river depicted in this image revealed that the Chinese were serious about this war and were very adamant about winning the war as quickly as possible.
Douglas MacArthur addressing an audience of 50,000 at Soldier's Field, Chicago, on his first visit to the United States in 14 years, April 1951. Abilene Reporter. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.reporternews.com/news/look-back-korean-war>.
Taken during the Korean War, this is photograph shows General Douglas MacArthur addressing an audience about the conflict occurring in Korea. This image made the fact that the Korean War goes almost completely unnoticed in American military history even more surprsing due to the fact that there were multiple national addresses regarding the war.
Doyle. Personnel of No. 4 gun, Battery "B", 999th Armored Field Artillery Battalion, U.S. Eighth Army, fire on enemy positions. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
Depicting the Eighth Army preparing to attack the Communist opponents with mortar, this photopgraph helped us better understand the radical change in ability, confidence and success that occurred after Ridgway's installment as Commander of the Eighth Army.
"Eighth Army." United States Army Plaques. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.trophyexpress.com/armymain.html>.
This is the symbol of the Eighth Army at the time of the Korean War.
"The 50 Star Flag." USA Flag. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.usflag.org/the.50.star.flag.html>.
A photograph of a United States Flag that we used with a picture of the early Korean flag to represent the relationsship between the two countries.
Fox. Men of Co. K, 35th RCT, 25th Division, fire a light machine gun in support of a rifle platoon attacking Chinese Communist positions north of the Han River, Korea. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Showing up close how the troops fought in the Korean War., this image took us onto the battlefield and allowed us to truly see into what the war was like and the massive amount casualties that were caused in its wake.
General MacArthur's Dismissal as Commander in Korea. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675058721_President-Truman_addressing-the-nation_withdrawal-of-General-MacArthur>.
Showing Truman listing his reasons for dismissing MacArthur, this clip was highly useful. It capped off the rivalry between MacArthur and Truman and was very important to the topic of Ridgway. Critical Past is a well known and often cited source.
General Matthew Ridgway Takes over from General MacArthur in Korea. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675049173_General-Matthew-Ridgway_dead-prisoners_General-Eisenhower_buffer-Zone>.
This video clip from Critical Past describes the event in which led to Ridgway taking over command in Korea from MacArthur. The newsreel footage from December 24, 1951, contains footage from the time period of the Korean War which helped us look at General MacArthur's relief through the eyes of the common citizen at the time. This clip was reserved for reference only and was not used.
General Ridgway; Off to Korea. British Pathé. N.p., n.d. Web. 6 Apr. 2015. <http://www.britishpathe.com/video/general-ridgway-off-to-korea/query/ridgway+off+to+korea>.
Released by British Pathé, this video clip shows Ridgway leaving for Korea. The video provides a brief description of his career and the circumstances of his travel to Korea which allowed us to see what amount of information was released to the general public.
H-19C U.S. Army Serial No. 51-14284 loading troops in Korea. N.d. Sikorsky Archives. Sikorsky Archives. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.sikorskyarchives.com/S-55.php>.
This photograph portrays a group of soldiers rush towardsand board a United States helicopter.
"The Inchon Landing." Korean War Educator. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://koreanwar-educator.org/memoirs/dixon_gene/>.
This diagram of the Inchon Landing attack shows the military where the landing zones were and portrayed which companies were involved and where they attacked. By observing the actual maneuvers of the assault we were able to better understand why General MacArthur was so popular among the American populace.
Kelemanik. A gun crew firing an eight-inch self-propelled howitzer at Communist hill positions after receiving a fire mission from Co. A, 1st Battalion, 5th Infantry Regiment, U.S. Eighth Army, west of Punchbowl. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
Providing an up close image of the fighting, this photograph shows a United States gun crew firing a howitzer at enemy positions.
"Korean Empire." Devian Art. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://undevicesimus.deviantart.com/art/Korean-Empire-Grunge-Flag-1882-1910-395154126>.
This is an artist's rendition of the early Korean Flag, which we used with a picture of the United States flag to represent the relationship between the two countries.
"Korean War 38th Parallel." Snafu. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://snafu-solomon.blogspot.com/2013/06/today-is-beginning-of-korean-war.html>.
This is a picture of troops at the 38th parallel in Korea.
"Life Magazine, May 12, 1952 - General Matthew Ridgway." Old Life Magazines. Life Magazine, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.oldlifemagazines.com/may-12-1952-life-magazine-1937.html>.
A life magazine from May 12, 1952, the cover story was on Matthew Ridgway and his involvement in the Korean War.
"Matthew B. Ridgway." Library of Vietnam Military History. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://www.vnmilitaryhistory.net/index.php?action=printpage;topic=22965.0>.
General Matthew Ridgway is shown in this image.
"Matthew B. Ridgway March 5, 1951." Time. Time Magazine, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19510305,00.html>.
From March 5, 1951, this is the Time cover photo from that issue.
Medical corpsmen of the 1st Battalion Aid Station, 31st Inf. Regt, 7th U.S. Inf. Div., assist in helping wounded infantrymen of Companies D and L, 31st Regiment, following the fight for Hill 598. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>.
The tolls of the Korean War were high, shown in this photograph of medical corpsmen loading wounded onto a transport.
Mullin. 1st Lt. Dowll Hudson, Co. C, 1st Battalion, 38th Infantry Regiment, stops to rest on his way to the aid station. With pain in his face after a six-hour walk on a wounded leg, Lt. Hudson refused a strecher because "others need it worse than I". Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
An officer sacrificing his own comfort for his troops, this image shows him walking with an injured leg.
North and South Korean Flags. The Guardian. Guardian, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/26/country-names-north-south-korea>.
Published by the Guardian, this picture is a combination of the North and South Korean flags. This provided a visual for how the war ended in a tie, and both sides remain intact to this day.
"North Korean Advance." Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/korean-war-begins/communist-advance-toward-pusan.php>.
A strategic war map, this image from the Australian government shows the first North Korean advance into South Korea.
North Korean People's Army celebrates a victory over UN forces. North Korean News. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.nknews.org/2014/02/north-south-migration-part-1-years-of-exodus-1945-1953/>. This is a photo of the North Korean People's Army after a victorious battle.
"North Korean Tank Regiment." The Telegraph. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/southkorea/7853746/China-rewrites-history-of-Korean-War.html>.
Lined up for inspection, this photo portrays a North Korean Tank Regiment during the Korean War.
"Old Flag of Korea." Althistory. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/File:Old_flag_of_korea.png>.
An artist's rendering, this illustration shows the pre war Korean flag.
Pfc. Robert Smith of Springfield, Colo., (left) and Pvt. Carl Fisher of Ponca, Okla., 27th Infantry Regiment, dug in and firing at Communist-led North Korean positions. 4 September 1950. Korean War Photos of 1950. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1950/kor1950.htm>.
A picture of United States troops, this image showed a battle between United Nations and Communist forces.
Private First Class Julias Van Den Stock of Company A, 32nd Regimental Combat Team, US 7th Infantry Division with M1 or M2 Carbine with captured Communist Chinese DP light machine gun on Hill 902, near Ip-Tong, Korea, 25 Apr 1951. N.d. United States National Archives. World War II Database. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://ww2db.com/image.php?image_id=22198>.
A United States soldier sitting with a M1 or M2 carbine and a captured communist gun is shown in this image.
"Seoul Night Skyline." Lonely Planet. N.p., n.d. Web. 5 Apr. 2015. <http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-korea/seoul>.
This is a photograph of the modern day Seoul skyline.
"Seoul on June 28, 1950." Who Started the Korean War? N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://ysfine.com/kowar/war50.html>.
Pre-war Seoul is illustrated in this photograph.
Sgt. Douglas D. Tompkins of Jud, North Dakota, Tank Company, 5th RCT, 24th U.S. Infantry Division, fires a .50 caliber machine gun at Communist-held positions during an assault against the Chinese Communist forces along the east central front, Korea. Korean War Photos of 1951. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1951/kor1951.htm>.
Up close and personal, this photograph shows what it was like fighting in the Korean War.
"Signed by United States: R. W. Shefeldt, Commodore, US Navy, Envoy of the US to Chosen Korea (Chosen): Chosen Commissioners Shin Chen, Chin Hong-chi." Embassy of the United States Seoul Korea. US Department of State, n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://seoul.usembassy.gov/ack_sp_052212.html>. Since the 1882 treaty between the United States and Korea was important in describing Korea before the war, this photograph of the signers of the treaty was extremely useful.
"Soviet T-34 Tanks." Vietnam Military History. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.vnmilitaryhistory.net/index.php?topic=22965.40>.
This photograph depicts a row of Soviet T-34 tanks.
Strickland and Romanowski. A member of the United Nations troops fires a submachine gun on Communist-led North Korean forces, during fighting in streets of Seoul. 20 September 1950. Korean War Photos of 1950. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1950/kor1950.htm>.
After the Inchon Landing, street fighting between the United Nations and the Communists broke out in Seoul, which is shown in this photo.
Sylvester. Wounded infantrymen of Co L, 31st Inf. Regt., 7th U.S. Inf. Div., light up cigarettes after receiving first aid following a battle for Hill 598, near Kumhwa. Korean War Photos of 1952. US Army, n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.history.army.mil/photos/Korea/kor1952/kor1952.htm>. Showing the cost of the Korean War, this is a picture of two wounded soldiers.
"The Taegukgi in Flight." Flag of South Korea. Observator TV, n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2015. <http://observator.tv/extern/coreea-de-sud-restrictioneaza-traficul-aerian-si-rutier-139039.html>. Also known as the Taegukgi, this photo shows the South Korean flag.
"Truman MacArthur." Iconic Photos. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <https://iconicphotos.wordpress.com/2009/04/24/truman-macarthur/>.
Since MacArthur was a World War II hero, this depiction of Truman giving MacArthur the Medal of Honor helps paint the picture of what America thought of MacArthur at the time.
The United States Chief of Staff, General Matthew Ridgway Reviews Crack Troops of the UN Forces in Korea. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675045452_General-Matthew-Ridgway_Syngman-Rhee_shakes-hands_troops-parade>.
From Critical Past, a well known database, this footage is an old newsreel showing Matthew Ridgway reviewing his troops in Korea. It demonstrates the way Ridgway carried himself and the diversity of the United Nations forces. Not included in the website, this clip was used as a research tool only.
United States Soldiers Advance on the Battlefield and Korean Refugees Evacuate an Area in Korea during the Korean War. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675061708_Korean-War_United-States-troops_Korean-refugees_James-Van-Fleet>.
This footage from Critical Past showed the vast amount of displaced refugees as well as United States troops advancing. Many Eighth Army soldiers were present (visible by their shoulder symbol), as well as officers under Matthew Ridgway. Critical Past is a highly reputable and reliable source, but this clip was not used in the final product.
US soldiers have been exhausted by the continued battle. Forgotten: The Arkansas Korean War Project. N.p., n.d. Web. 8 Feb. 2015. <http://www.butlercenter.org/koreanwarproject/>.
After running from the Chinese, the United States soldiers were tired and worn out, clearly depicted in this portrayal.
U.S. Troops Advance towards a Battlefield in Korea during the Korean War. Critical Past. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675061705_Korean-War_United-States-troops_Matthew-Ridgway_soldiers-firing-artillery>.
From Critical Past, this reference is historical footage from the Korean War. It shows troops advancing and General Ridgway meeting with his officers near the battlefield. Critical Past is a well known and accurate source. However, this clip was used for reference purposes only.
With her brother on her back a war weary Korean girl tiredly trudges by a stalled M-26 tank, at Haengju, Korea. N.d. National Archives. National Archives. Web. 7 Feb. 2015. <http://www.archives.gov/research/military/korean-war/>.
The impact of the Korean War on the citizens of Korea in this image of a young Korean girl and her brother.
Secondary Sources:
Books:
Appleman, Roy Edgar. Escaping the Trap: The US Army X Corps in Northeast Korea, 1950. College Station: Texas A & M UP, 1990. Print.
Told from the perspective of former Lieutenant Colonel, Roy Edgar Appleman, this book examines military actions performed by the X Corps and the Eighth Army throughout the course of the Korean War. The separation of the two armies stirred great controversy about their respective leaderships and the effectiveness of the armies. The analytical nature of Appleman's writing helped us to better understand why the Eighth Army’s situation was so dire prior to General Ridgway's appointment.
Appleman, Roy Edgar. Ridgway Duels for Korea. N.p.: Texas A&M University, 1990. Print.
Retired Lieutenant Colonel Roy Edgar Appleman examines the combat history of the Korean War and emphasizes Ridgway's influence within it. This book fails to dicuss the political aspects of the war. It instead looks deeply into that of the military action. This helped us to look at the events of the war from a strategic point of view and simply toss aside the political perspective that is often included when discussing the war.
Benson, Sonia, and Gerda-Ann Raffaelle. Korean War. Detroit: U-X-L, 2002. Print.
Examining the lives and actions of various pivotal military figures, this compilation of short biographies proved to be helpful when searching for other resources. Author, Sonia Benson refers to many people in the book including Ridgway, but only provided only a general overview of their lives. Rudgway's bigraphy was brief but gave us a better understanding of where he came from and how he became the brilliant military general that he was.
Blair, Clay. The Forgotten War: America in Korea. New York: Times, 1988. Print. Navy veteran, Clay Blair describes the neglected yet massive influence the Korean War has had on Korean political structure and interactions.
This made us realize the true impact of the war and how little credit it has been given, hence the name “The Forgotten War.” Learning about the lack of acknowledgement the Korean War is given not only gave us the name of our entry, but also made us more passionate about informing people of the significance of the war.
Blair, Clay. Ridgway's Paratroopers: The American Airborne in World War II. Garden City: Dial, 1985. Print.
Although focusing on Ridgway's early military career in World War II, this book showed how polished of a soldier General Ridgway was. Learning about General Ridgway's experiences prior to the Korean War showedus how he became to be the harsh, yet effective leader that he was.
Futrell, Robert Frank. The United States Air Force in Korea 1950-1953. N.p.: Duell, Sloan, and Pierce, n.d. Print.
This printed work contains extensive information about the United States Air Forcea, specifically the United States Air Force's operations during the Korean War. Author Robert Frank, discussed how the United States Air Forces operated during the Korean War which gave us thorough background knowledge of all of the events during the Korean War.
Halberstam, David. The Coldest Winter: America and the Korean War. New York: Hyperion, 2007. Print. This historical account focused on the various different events of the Korean War and provided thorough information regarding General Ridgway's accomplishments, his leadership skills, and his attitude towards his commanders. Halberstam remarks at Ridgway's serious nature and unmatched leadership skills throughout the book which helped to better grasp the way Ridgway lead the Eighth Army to victory.
Halberstam, David. The Fifties. New York: Villard, 1993. Print.
As the name implies, this historical novel written by esteemed author and historian, David Halberstam discusses the events of the 1950s, including those of the Korean War. We only read a short chapter pertaining to General Ridgway, but this particular chapter proved to be a useful introduction to General Ridgway becasue we read the book as a part of our initial research.
Hamburger, Kenneth Earl. Leadership in the Crucible : the Korean War Battles of Twin Tunnels & Chipyong-ni. College Station: Texas A & M University, 2003. Print.
Focused on the famous officers and battles in the Korean War, this military examination produced new and useful information as well as a multitude of usable quotes. Author, Kenneth Hamburger, thoroughly examined how General Ridgway used his tactical intelligence and unmatched leadership to turn the tide of the Korean War.
Hanson, Victor Davis. The Savior Generals: How Five Great Commanders Saved Wars That Were Lost, from Ancient Greece to Iraq. New York: Bloomsbury, 2013. Print.
This biographical collection, as the title suggests, discusses the actions and influences of five major generals throughout American military history including General Matthew Ridgway. After just our first reading, Ridgway's section had produced a multitude of amazing quotes for us to use on our website and helped us better our understanding of General Ridgway's true importance in the war.
Haruki, Wada. The Korean War. Lanham: ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD, 2014. Print.
This multi-dimensional account of the Korean War provided several views on the war from many angles, not just from the United States or Korean point of view. It talked about the many other United Nations countries that answered the call from the United States to save South Korea. These various new perspectives on the event of the Korean conflict allowed us to effectively examine the Korean War's international influence.
Hickey, Michael. The Korean War: The West Confronts Communism. Woodstock: Overlook, 2000. Print. This historical analysis of the war's causes provided us with background information regarding the situation faced in the Koreas prior to the Korean War. Knowing more about the history of the Korean conflict helped to understand why the nations were so politically different and why the conflict began. It also helped to look into the political events surrounding the war.
Higgins, Trubull. Korea and the Fall of MacArthur : A Precis in Limited War. New York: Oxford UP, 1960. Print.
By discussing the events surrounding General Douglas MacArthur’s relief and his actions during the Korean War author, Trubull Higgins, gave us a true understanding of why General MacArthur was relieved of his postiion. This also helped us understand General MacArthur’s negative influence on he Korean War and the circumstances that Ridgway had to come into during the war.
Martin, Harold H., comp. Soldier: The Memoirs of Matthew B. Ridgway, as Told to Harold H Martin. New York: Harper, 1956. Print.
One of the most informative sources, this book is a compilation of written works written by General Ridgway. It contained many helpful quotes and information regarding how he handled the situation. The writings illustrated Ridgway's personality and views. Written by Ridgway himself, this source contains accurate information.
Millet, Allen Reed. The War for Korea, 1950-1951: They Came from the North. Lawrence: U of Kansas, 2010. Print. Being the background of our subject, the Korean War is an important topic.
This book about it was helpful in gaining an understanding of the situation before Matthew Ridgway arrived and what the strength of the enemy was. The University of Kansas is a reputable source.
Perritano, John. Korean War. New York: Franklin Watts, 2010. Print.
A reliable source, this publication was about the Korean War. It provided brief account of the war, major events and key figures. However, being a children's book, it is relatively short and mainly provides an intro to the war. John Perritano is an award winning author of several books.
Soffer, Jonathan M. General Matthew B. Ridgway : from Progressivism to Reaganism, 1895-1993. Westport: Praeger, 1998. Print.
An extensive publication, this source provided a highly detailed account of the years during the Korean War. It focused on the Korean War and Ridgway, and contained detailed war maps and diagrams in the back of the book. A professor at New York University, Jonathan Soffer is a highly accomplished author.
Spanier, John W. The Truman - MacArthur Controvery and the Korean War. Cambridge: Belknap, 1959. Print.
Focused on the actions and conditions of General MacArthur’s dismissal, this book was not centered on Ridgway. However, it aided in understanding the details of MacArthur’s relief and the various decisions of United States that contributed to the controversy that arose among President Harry S. Truman and General MacArthur.
Stone, I. F. The Hidden History of the Korean War. 2nd ed. New York: Monthly Review P., 1969. Print. This books provides a thorough view of the Korean War from the start to finish detailing the reasons for its beginning and the means of its climax as well as detailed events involving the war itself. This helped to put the war into context and truly understand what the war was about.
Stueck, William Whitney. Rethinking the Korean War: A New Diplomatic and Strategic History. Princeton: Princeton UP, 2002. Print.
Although yet another book on the history of the Korean War, this source provided a new and refreshing view on the Korean War. It talked about tactics and major events in the Korean War. William Stueck is a renowned expert on the Korean War and United States/Korean relationships.
Weintraub, Stanley. MacArthur’s War: Korea and the Undoing of an American Hero. New York: Free, 2000. Print.
Discussing the various blunders made by General Douglas MacArthur when he was Supreme Commander of the forces in Korea, this literary work described how MacArthur led. Weintraub’s perspective on the once mighty MacArthur gave us a better sense on how influential his decisions were on the outcome of the war.
Research Papers:
Young-Sik, Kim. A Brief History of the US-Korea Relations Prior to 1945. N.p.: n.p., 2003. Print.
In this political analysis paper, writer Kim Young-Sik, described the pre-war relations between the United States and Korea. It outlined major events, treaties, and interactions between the two countries, and included various quotes from key military and political figures of the time.
Websites:
Australia's Involvement in the Korean War. N.p., n.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2015. <http://korean-war.commemoration.gov.au/cold-war-crisis-in-korea/index.php>.
Helping to build our understanding of the Korean conflict at the beginning of our research, this interactive website included an thorough and detailed map depicting the different United Nations and North Korean ports, cities, major posts, and even their military maneuvers. This site broadened our knowledge of the tactical operations of the two forces and the map from the website eventually work its way onto our website.
“Inchon Landing.” History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 29 Jan. 2015. <http://www.history.com/topics/inchon>.
From History.com, this online article described the Inchon Landing and the events that led to the war-changing attack and the events that followed. By studying one of the main events in the Korean war and the man behind this revolutionary assault, we were able to see how much of an influence General Douglas MacArthur had on the war and why he was so highly revered in the military at the time.
“Korean War Begins.” history.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 21 Jan. 2015. <http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/korean-war-begins>.
This is a History.com article describes the initial spark that set all of Korea (both North and South) ablaze in an all-out war. The focus of our website is to portray Ridgway’s influence on the Korean War, so knowing the reason for the war’s beginnings was crucial in our initial research.
Korean War: General Matthew Ridgway. About Education, n.d. Web. 16 Oct. 2014. <http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/1900s/p/matthew-ridgway.htm>.
A website, this source provided a general biography on Matthew Ridgway. It mainly glossed over his entire career and didn't provide many in depth details. Published by About Education, this source isn't the most reliable, but its information checks out with other sources.
Matthew Bunker Ridgway. Arlington Cemetary, 29 Oct. 2000. Web. 3 Nov. 2014. <http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ridgway.htm>.
A section of a press report from March 1993, this source provided information about Ridgway's various military assignments. It included more insight as to Ridgway's views and thoughts toward the military and his campaigns. Considering the Arlington Cemetery is a very reputable site, this information should be accurate.
People & Events General Matthew B Ridgway. PBS, n.d. Web. 30 Oct. 2014. <http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/macarthur/peopleevents/pandeAMEX88.html>. Published by PBS, this website describes Matthew Ridgway's service in the Korean War.
It provided little information about his early life and none about his other military campaigns. In addition, the information was slightly opinionated in favor of Ridgway. The PBS is a reputable and reliable source.
"Ridgway Bio." University of Pittsburgh. U of Pittsburgh, n.d. Web. 26 Nov. 2014. <http://www.ridgway.pitt.edu/AboutRidgway/RidgwayBio/tabid/222/Default.aspx>.
A bio about Matthew Ridgway, this source wasn't very thorough, mainly glossing over his major achievements. However it still provided a good starting point for research and focus ideas. Published by the University of Pittsburgh, this is a reliable reference.
Simkin, John. "Matthew Ridgway." Spartacus Educational. Spartacus Educational, Sept. 1997. Web. 24 Nov. 2014. <http://spartacus-educational.com/2WWridgeway.htm>.
Published by Spartacus Educational, this website provided a general biography of Matthew Ridgway's life and military career. Although it was rather brief, this website contained useful primary sources and quotes. The information was accurate, although the source isn't overly reputable.